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 In fact, the <a text="oil industry invested an estimated $1.75 billion in 2018 into machine learning tools" url="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/07/18/1884499/0/en/Global-AI-In-Oil-and-Gas-Market-Will-Reach-to-USD-4-01-Billion-By-2025-Zion-Market-Research.html" target="_blank" href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/07/18/1884499/0/en/Global-AI-In-Oil-and-Gas-Market-Will-Reach-to-USD-4-01-Billion-By-2025-Zion-Market-Research.html">oil industry invested an estimated $1.75 billion in 2018 into machine learning tools</a>, which is projected to grow to $4.01 billion by 2025. </p><span class="aside-container"><span class="aside"><img src="static/images/amazon_protest_lilian.jpg"/><div class="parametric-caption">Amazon employees joined the global “climate strike” in September 2019 to protest their company’s complicity in the climate crisis. Someone holds a sign that says “No AWS For Gas And Oil”. (Credit: Lilian Liang)</div></span></span><p>Our purpose in throwing light onto this destructive behavior is not simply to paint a bleak future.<span class="emphasized"> Through public pressure and the collective organizing of tech employees, there has been media coverage of some success in holding the tech industry responsible for their environmental destruction.</span>
 In 2019, after the Amazon Employees for Climate Justice organization <a text="led a large walkout" url="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-19/amazon-climate-change" target="_blank" href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-19/amazon-climate-change">led a large walkout</a> in support of the global climate strike, Amazon pledged to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2040.
 Similarly, in response to <a text="employee pressure" url="https://medium.com/@googworkersac/ruth-porat-497bbb841b52" target="_blank" href="https://medium.com/@googworkersac/ruth-porat-497bbb841b52">employee pressure</a>, Google pledged to <a text="stop funding climate change deniers in 2020" url="https://agreenergoogle.com/" target="_blank" href="https://agreenergoogle.com/">stop funding climate change deniers in 2020</a>.
-Google also promised to <a text="rescind all future contracts" url="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/20/google-ai-greenpeace-oil-gas.html" target="_blank" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/20/google-ai-greenpeace-oil-gas.html">rescind all future contracts</a> with oil companies in response to a <a text="Greenpeace report" url="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/oil-in-the-cloud/" target="_blank" href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/oil-in-the-cloud/">Greenpeace report</a> about tech’s oil contracts.</p><p>Regarding digital consumption and its associated emissions, many tech companies have set varying carbon footprint targets for 2030 and beyond. Some of these companies will <a text="rely on offsetting carbon emissions" url="https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/the-climate-pledge" target="_blank" href="https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/the-climate-pledge">rely on offsetting carbon emissions</a> (e.g., by <a text="planting trees" url="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/what-are-carbon-offsets/" target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/what-are-carbon-offsets/">planting trees</a>). Others plan to run their operations <a text="completely on carbon-free energy sources" url="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/our-third-decade-climate-action-realizing-carbon-free-future/" target="_blank" href="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/our-third-decade-climate-action-realizing-carbon-free-future/">completely on carbon-free energy sources</a>. It’s important to note, however, that these pledges often don’t include emissions produced by usage from sources the company doesn’t “own” but is ultimately responsible for. For example, Google pledging carbon-free doesn’t mean the YouTube videos sent over the internet and viewed on devices will be emission-less.</p><span class="aside-container"><span class="aside"><a text="The efficacy of carbon offsets is debated" url="https://www.wired.com/story/do-carbon-offsets-really-work-it-depends-on-the-details/" target="_blank" href="https://www.wired.com/story/do-carbon-offsets-really-work-it-depends-on-the-details/">The efficacy of carbon offsets is debated</a>: there are no guarantees that carbon offsets actually result in the desired amount of greenhouse gas removed from the atmosphere, and it is never instantaneous.</span></span><p>These pledges are not enough to fully mitigate these companies’ destructive practices. In our present climate crisis, <span class="emphasized">carbon reductions cannot come soon enough, and carbon free technology should be the ultimate goal</span>. In addition, they don’t account for the climate impact tech has through the other avenues we’ve discussed. The good news is that public pressure and collective organizing have the power to raise the bar for climate accountability—change can only occur if we understand and acknowledge the hidden, yet harmful consequences of the technology we use. </p><div style="margin-top:7em" idyll="[object Object]"></div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://haldenl.com">Halden Lin</a></b> is a visualization designer, developer, and researcher. He’s currently creating visualization experiences at Apple.</div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://twitter.com/AishwaryaNirmal">Aishwarya Nirmal</a></b> works as a software engineer at Airbnb, and enjoys visual design and writing in her spare time. </div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://twitter.com/ssshathiii">Shobhit Hathi</a></b> works as an applied scientist at Microsoft focusing on natural language processing.</div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://twitter.com/liang_lilian">Lilian Liang</a></b> is a writer and software engineer at Apple.</div><div id="references"><h1>References</h1><ol><li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261733233X" target="_blank">Assessing ICT global emissions footprint: Trends to 2040 &amp; recommendations</a>, <!-- -->Lotfi Belkhir and Ahmed Elmelgi<!-- -->.<em> Journal of Cleaner Production.</em> March 2018.</li><li><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.12630" target="_blank">Electricity Intensity of Internet Data Transmission: Untangling the Estimates</a>, <!-- -->Joshua Aslan, Kieren Mayers, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Chris France<!-- -->.<em> Journal of Industrial Ecology.</em> August 2017.</li><li><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3290605.3300627" target="_blank">Evaluating Sustainable Interaction Design of Digital Services: The Case of YouTube</a>, <!-- -->Chris Preist, Daniel Schien, and Paul Shabajee<!-- -->.<em> CHI.</em> 2019.</li><li><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787499" target="_blank">InterTubes: A Study of the US Long-haul Fiber-optic Infrastructure</a>, <!-- -->Ramakrishnan Durairajan, Paul Barford, Joel Sommers, and Walter Willinger<!-- -->.<em> SIGCOMM &#x27;15.</em> 2015.</li><li><a href="https://nyupress.org/9780814767092/the-silicon-valley-of-dreams/" target="_blank">The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy</a>, <!-- -->David N. Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park<!-- -->.<em></em> December 2002.</li><li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143622814002264" target="_blank">The uneven distribution of environmental burdens and benefits in Silicon Valley&#x27;s backyard</a>, <!-- -->Iris T.Stewart, Christopher M.Bacon, and William D.Burke<!-- -->.<em> Applied Geography.</em> December 2014.</li><li><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1w0dd6d.2" target="_blank">Rare Earth Frontiers: From Terrestrial Subsoils to Lunar Landscapes</a>, <!-- -->Julie Michelle Klinger<!-- -->.<em></em> 2017.</li></ol></div></div><div class="parametric-recirc-next-article" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-weight:bold;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:0;background:#D8FFA2"><a href="/issue-02/carbon-history/" style="font-size:56px;line-height:64px;font-weight:400;color:#222222;text-shadow:none;display:flex;width:100%;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;padding:1em 0;text-decoration:none"><div><div style="font-weight:bold">Read the next article</div><div class="highlight-hover" style="font-size:32px;line-height:48px;font-family:Editorial New">Your Personal Carbon History</div></div><div style="text-align:right;font-weight:bold">→</div></a></div><div class="parametric-footer"><div><img src="https://parametric.press/issue-01/static/images/logo-bg-dark.png"/><div class="parametric-footer-link-container"><div>Issues<div class="past-issue-container" style="font-weight:300"><div>↓</div><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="/issue-01/">01: Science + Society</a><br/><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="/issue-02/">02: The Climate Issue</a></div></div><div><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="/about/">About</a></div><div><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="https://parametric.press/rss.xml">RSS</a></div><div class="parametric-footer-social-link"><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="https://facebook.com/parametric.press"><img style="position:relative;top:25%;height:18px;width:auto" src="https://parametric.press/static/images/facebook.png"/></a></div><div class="parametric-footer-social-link"><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="https://twitter.com/parametricpress"><img style="position:relative;top:25%;height:18px;width:auto" src="https://parametric.press/static/images/twitter.png"/></a></div><div><form action="https://tinyletter.com/parametricpress" method="post" target="popupwindow"><input type="text" name="email" id="tlemail" placeholder="Email address"/><input type="hidden" value="1" name="embed"/><input type="submit" style="background:white;color:#222;font-family:Graphik Web;font-weight:400;font-size:12px" value="Subscribe"/></form></div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div>
+Google also promised to <a text="rescind all future contracts" url="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/20/google-ai-greenpeace-oil-gas.html" target="_blank" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/20/google-ai-greenpeace-oil-gas.html">rescind all future contracts</a> with oil companies in response to a <a text="Greenpeace report" url="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/oil-in-the-cloud/" target="_blank" href="https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/reports/oil-in-the-cloud/">Greenpeace report</a> about tech’s oil contracts.</p><p>Regarding digital consumption and its associated emissions, many tech companies have set varying carbon footprint targets for 2030 and beyond. Some of these companies will <a text="rely on offsetting carbon emissions" url="https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/the-climate-pledge" target="_blank" href="https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/the-climate-pledge">rely on offsetting carbon emissions</a> (e.g., by <a text="planting trees" url="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/what-are-carbon-offsets/" target="_blank" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/what-are-carbon-offsets/">planting trees</a>). Others plan to run their operations <a text="completely on carbon-free energy sources" url="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/our-third-decade-climate-action-realizing-carbon-free-future/" target="_blank" href="https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/sustainability/our-third-decade-climate-action-realizing-carbon-free-future/">completely on carbon-free energy sources</a>. It’s important to note, however, that these pledges often don’t include emissions produced by usage from sources the company doesn’t “own” but is ultimately responsible for. For example, Google pledging carbon-free doesn’t mean the YouTube videos sent over the internet and viewed on devices will be emission-less.</p><span class="aside-container"><span class="aside"><a text="The efficacy of carbon offsets is debated" url="https://www.wired.com/story/do-carbon-offsets-really-work-it-depends-on-the-details/" target="_blank" href="https://www.wired.com/story/do-carbon-offsets-really-work-it-depends-on-the-details/">The efficacy of carbon offsets is debated</a>: there are no guarantees that carbon offsets actually result in the desired amount of greenhouse gas removed from the atmosphere, and it is never instantaneous.</span></span><p>These pledges are not enough to fully mitigate these companies’ destructive practices. In our present climate crisis, <span class="emphasized">carbon reductions cannot come soon enough, and carbon free technology should be the ultimate goal</span>. In addition, they don’t account for the climate impact tech has through the other avenues we’ve discussed. The good news is that public pressure and collective organizing have the power to raise the bar for climate accountability—change can only occur if we understand and acknowledge the hidden, yet harmful consequences of the technology we use. </p><div style="margin-top:7em" idyll="[object Object]"></div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://haldenl.com">Halden Lin</a></b> is a visualization designer, developer, and researcher. He’s currently creating visualization experiences at Apple.</div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://twitter.com/AishwaryaNirmal">Aishwarya Nirmal</a></b> works as a software engineer at Airbnb, and enjoys visual design and writing in her spare time. </div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://twitter.com/ssshathiii">Shobhit Hathi</a></b> works as an applied scientist at Microsoft focusing on natural language processing.</div><div class="parametric-author-bio" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-size:16px;font-weigth:600px;line-height:1.5;margin:3em 0 2em"><b><a href="https://twitter.com/liang_lilian">Lilian Liang</a></b> is a writer and software engineer at Apple.</div><div id="references"><h1>References</h1><ol><li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261733233X" target="_blank">Assessing ICT global emissions footprint: Trends to 2040 &amp; recommendations</a>, <!-- -->Lotfi Belkhir and Ahmed Elmelgi<!-- -->.<em> Journal of Cleaner Production.</em> March 2018.</li><li><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jiec.12630" target="_blank">Electricity Intensity of Internet Data Transmission: Untangling the Estimates</a>, <!-- -->Joshua Aslan, Kieren Mayers, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Chris France<!-- -->.<em> Journal of Industrial Ecology.</em> August 2017.</li><li><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3290605.3300627" target="_blank">Evaluating Sustainable Interaction Design of Digital Services: The Case of YouTube</a>, <!-- -->Chris Preist, Daniel Schien, and Paul Shabajee<!-- -->.<em> CHI.</em> 2019.</li><li><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787499" target="_blank">InterTubes: A Study of the US Long-haul Fiber-optic Infrastructure</a>, <!-- -->Ramakrishnan Durairajan, Paul Barford, Joel Sommers, and Walter Willinger<!-- -->.<em> SIGCOMM &#x27;15.</em> 2015.</li><li><a href="https://nyupress.org/9780814767092/the-silicon-valley-of-dreams/" target="_blank">The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy</a>, <!-- -->David N. Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park<!-- -->.<em></em> December 2002.</li><li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143622814002264" target="_blank">The uneven distribution of environmental burdens and benefits in Silicon Valley&#x27;s backyard</a>, <!-- -->Iris T.Stewart, Christopher M.Bacon, and William D.Burke<!-- -->.<em> Applied Geography.</em> December 2014.</li><li><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1w0dd6d.2" target="_blank">Rare Earth Frontiers: From Terrestrial Subsoils to Lunar Landscapes</a>, <!-- -->Julie Michelle Klinger<!-- -->.<em></em> 2017.</li></ol></div></div><div class="parametric-recirc-next-article" style="font-family:Graphik Web;font-weight:bold;margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:0;background:#D8FFA2"><a href="/issue-02/carbon-history/" style="font-size:56px;line-height:64px;font-weight:400;color:#222222;text-shadow:none;display:flex;width:100%;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;padding:1em 0;text-decoration:none"><div><div style="font-weight:bold">Read the next article</div><div class="highlight-hover" style="font-size:32px;line-height:48px;font-family:Editorial New">Your Personal Carbon History</div></div><div style="text-align:right;font-weight:bold">→</div></a></div><div class="parametric-footer"><div><img src="https://parametric.press/issue-01/static/images/logo-bg-dark.png"/><div class="parametric-footer-link-container"><div>Issues<div class="past-issue-container" style="font-weight:300"><div>↓</div><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="/issue-01/">01: Science + Society</a><br/><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="/issue-02/">02: The Climate Issue</a></div></div><div><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="/about/">About</a></div><div><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="https://parametric.press/rss.xml">RSS</a></div><div class="parametric-footer-social-link"><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="https://facebook.com/parametric.press"><img style="position:relative;top:25%;height:18px;width:auto" src="https://parametric.press/static/images/facebook.png"/></a></div><div class="parametric-footer-social-link"><a style="color:white;text-decoration:none" href="https://twitter.com/parametricpress"><img style="position:relative;top:25%;height:18px;width:auto" src="https://parametric.press/static/images/twitter.png"/></a></div><div><form action="https://tinyletter.com/parametricpress" method="post" target="popupwindow"><input type="text" name="email" id="tlemail" placeholder="Email address"/><input type="hidden" value="1" name="embed"/><input type="submit" style="background:white;color:#222;font-family:Graphik Web;font-weight:400;font-size:12px" value="Subscribe"/></form></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class=" idyll-text-container"></div></div></div></div>
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